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                                      AKINETIC RIGID SYNDROME

Akinetic rigid syndrome, also known as parkinsonian syndrome, is a group of neurological disorders that cause movement problems similar to those seen in Parkinson's disease. These disorders can cause stiffness or rigidity in the limbs and trunk, slowness of movement, tremors, and problems with balance and coordination.

Akinetic rigid syndrome can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions, including Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and Lewy body dementia.

Today we will talk about Parkinson's diseases which affects about 1% of people over the age of 65 years.  Early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) is defined as the onset of parkinsonian features before the age of 40 years. It accounts for 3-5% of all PD cases. It is classified as 'juvenile' (occurring before the age of 21 years) and 'young-onset' PD (YOPD, occurring in the age range of 21- 40 years). PD is twice as common in men than in women in most populations. A protective effect of female sex hormones is observed. The presence of gender-associated genetic mechanisms and/or gender-specific differences in exposure to environmental risk factors might explain this male preponderance.


There is no homogenous and large epidemiological data on PD from India. Razdan et al., reported a crude prevalence rate of 14.1 per 100,000 amongst a population of 63,645 from rural Kashmir in the northern part of India. The prevalence rate over the age of 60 years was 247/100,000. A low prevalence rate of 27/100,000 was reported from Bangalore, in the southern part of India, and 16.1/100,000 from rural Bengal, in the eastern part of India. Bharucha et al., reported a high crude prevalence rate of 328.3/100,000 among a population of 14,010 Parsis living in colonies in Mumbai, Western India.


Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder that affects movement. It is caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in controlling movement and other functions.

The most common symptoms of Parkinson's disease include tremors, stiffness, and slowness of movement. Other symptoms may include balance problems, difficulty walking, and speech problems. As the disease progresses, patients may also experience depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.

Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder that affects movement. The signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease can vary from person to person, and may develop gradually over time. Some common signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease include:

  1. Tremors: Tremors or shaking in the hands, arms, legs, jaw, or face are often one of the first signs of Parkinson's disease.
  2. Stiffness: Stiffness or rigidity in the limbs and trunk can make movement difficult and can cause muscle pain.
  3. Slowness of movement: Parkinson's disease can cause a slowing or loss of spontaneous movement, making it difficult to initiate and control movement.
  4. Postural instability: Parkinson's disease can cause problems with balance and coordination, increasing the risk of falls.
  5. Changes in speech: Parkinson's disease can cause changes in speech, such as speaking softly or slurring words.
  6. Loss of sense of smell: A loss of sense of smell can be an early sign of Parkinson's disease.
  7. Sleep disturbances: Parkinson's disease can cause sleep problems, such as insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness.
  8. Mood changes: Parkinson's disease can cause depression, anxiety, and other mood changes.


It's important to note that not everyone with Parkinson's disease will experience all of these symptoms, and the severity of symptoms can vary from person to person. If you or someone you know is experiencing any of these symptoms, it's important to talk to a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Although there is currently no cure for Parkinson's disease, there are a variety of treatments available to help manage symptoms. Medications can help increase dopamine levels in the brain, while physical therapy and exercise can improve mobility and reduce stiffness. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to implant a device that stimulates the brain and helps control symptoms.

Research into the causes and treatment of Parkinson's disease is ongoing, and new therapies are being developed all the time. It is important for patients with Parkinson's disease to work closely with their healthcare providers to find the best treatment plan for their individual needs.

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